3 Rules of Great Questions

Most people don’t ask good questions.

I’ve been leading Vistage in Spain for the last 5 years. We coach CEOs to increase their effectiveness and improve their quality of life. We do this with questions. I’ve spent these last 5 years paying attention to how people use questions.

I recently came across a thread on twitter that had 3 good rules for better questions.

John Sawatsky’s 3 rules of great questions:

  • Start open-ended
  • Keep them neutral
  • Make them lean

Effective questions

1. Open

Rule: great questions are open-ended. Open questions invite deeper dialogue. They encourage the person to expand. Closed questions (yes/no) do the opposite.

Open-ended examples:

  • What is exciting you right now?
  • Why do people struggle with that?
  • How would you solve this problem?

These Qs are probing for conversation. They can’t be answered with yes/no.

Closed-ended examples:

  • Did you buy the truck?
  • Is the steak here good?
  • Are you going to the game?
  • Should we go on a hike today?

These Qs are quick and transactional. There will likely be no depth to the response.

2. Neutral

Rule: great questions are neutral.

Neutral questions don’t “lead” the person. They allow them to naturally follow their curiosity. Non-neutral questions are often called “loaded.” Consciously or subconsciously, they are biased.

Neutral examples:

  • What inspired that?
  • What happened next?
  • How did you decide that?
  • Why did you do it that way?
  • How would you explain this?

These questions have no bias. They are objective and curious.

Non-neutral examples:

  • Why do you get defensive so easily?
  • How were you able to show such courage?
  • What made that such a terrible play call?

These Qs carry an assumption or opinion. Positively or negatively, they are “loaded.”

3. Lean

Rule: great questions are lean.

Complex questions are hard to answer. Simple questions produce thoughtfulness and insight. Make it easy for the person to engage.

Lean examples:

  • What happened then?
  • What did you do next?
  • How did it go?
  • What else?

Be simple + direct, then get out of the way.

Non-lean question:

There’s so many awesome people on Twitter. Who are your favorite follows, why and what is one great thing you’ve read from each of them?

See the problem? You don’t even know where to begin.

If this was of use, you can follow Teddy Mitrosilis on twitter.

More from the blog on great questions…

How to ask Great Questions (and Listen Actively)

I’ve been on my first long distance travels for the last 2 years. I am in Montevideo, Uruguay this week teaching at IEEM Business School. I’ve been coming here for the last 12 years (last year was a virtual visit via zoom). Many of my classes this week finished with participants commenting on the importance of listening to others before jumping to conclusions. A big part of listening is learning to ask great questions.

There are several good frameworks to structure your questions… one good framework is this one from RAIN sales. A longer explanation of their framework and approach to questions in the context of sales training is available in this pdf: Keys to Leading Masterful Sales Conversations (pdf from the RAIN group).

The 4 levels of Questions

The 4 levels of questions are listed and described below:

  1. Facts – questions about what is basically true for us both and we can agree upon.
  2. Opinions – questions about the other person’s opinion about the facts, the trends in the facts, what is important about the facts, what does it mean, who else is affected.
  3. Impact – questions about the short, medium and long term impact if we do or do not take action. The secret to a good impact question? it has the word “impact” in it.
  4. Change – questions about what it would be worth to achieve a change, what actions we are willing to commit to, what it would be worth to us if we could achieve a better future.

Here’s a list of 50 great sales questions divided into these 4 types of question from the RAIN Group blog.

If you liked this post, you will also like How to Take Better Business Decisions: 50 Great Questions for Critical Thinking and Jim Collins: How to Build an Enduring Great Company (12 Questions for Leaders).

Postcards from Montevideo

A few more images of my adventures in Montevideo

How to Take Better Business Decisions: 50 Great Questions for Critical Thinking

A leader should be interested in developing 2 competencies in the people within their organisation:

  1. Good Decision Making (to take good choices about how to use the resources of the organisation to achieve strategic plans)
  2. Influencing Skills (because if they cannot influence their peers, people will have to involve you every time…)

If your team doesn’t have #1 they are taking poor decisions.  If your team doesn’t have #2 they cannot execute without your support (you will be sucked in to every initiative).

In order to take Good Decisions, you need to ask great questions.  

Most people ask few questions and rapidly jump to a solution.  Great decision makers ask many questions and get many perspectives before they commit to a decision.  Here’s a set of great questions…

This set of questions was inspired by the Global Digital Citizen Foundation and by Vistage Issue Processing where we help leaders develop the ability to ask great questions to help leaders think more deeply and see new perspectives, clarify objectives and take disciplined effective action.

The Ultimate Guide to Great Questions for Critical Thinking

Divided into who, what, where, when, why, how…

Who

  • …benefits from this?
  • …is this harmful to?
  • …makes decisions about this?
  • …is most directly affected?
  • …have you also heard discuss this?
  • …would be the best person to consult?
  • …else has overcome a similar challenge?
  • …will be the key people in this?
  • …deserves recognition for this?

What

  • …is the impact on you?
  • …is the impact on those close to you?
  • …are the strengths/weaknesses?
  • …is another perspective?
  • …is another alternative?
  • …would be a counter-argument?
  • …is the best/worst case scenario?
  • …is the most/least important?
  • …can we do to make a positive change?
  • …is getting in the way of taking action?

Where

  • …else would we see this problem showing up in your life?
  • …else have you overcome this type of challenge?
  • …are there similar situations?
  • …is there the most need for this?
  • …would this be the greatest problem?
  • …can we get more information?
  • …do we go for help with this?
  • …will this idea take us?
  • …are the areas for improvement?

When

  • …is this acceptable/unacceptable?
  • …would this benefit you?
  • …would this cause a problem?
  • …is the best time to take action?
  • …will we know we’ve succeeded?
  • …has this played a part in your past?
  • …can we expect this to change?
  • …should we ask for help with this?

Why

  • …is this a problem/challenge?
  • …is it relevant to your goals?
  • …is this the best/worst scenario?
  • …are people influenced by this?
  • …should people know about this?
  • …has it been this way for so long?
  • …is there a need for this today?

How

  • …is this similar to _____?
  • …does this disrupt things?
  • …do we know the truth about this?
  • …does this benefit you/us/others?
  • …does this harm you/us/others?
  • …do we see this playing out in the future?
  • …can we help you?
[Edit: this poem was shared by my Dad upon receiving this post]

I Keep Six Honest Serving Men
Rudyard Kipling
I KEEP six honest serving-men
 (They taught me all I knew);
Their names are What and Why and When 
 And How and Where and Who.
I send them over land and sea,
 I send them east and west;
But after they have worked for me,
 I give them all a rest.

I let them rest from nine till five,
 For I am busy then,
As well as breakfast, lunch, and tea,
 For they are hungry men.
But different folk have different views; 
I know a person small—
She keeps ten million serving-men,
Who get no rest at all!

She sends’em abroad on her own affairs,
 From the second she opens her eyes—
One million Hows, two million Wheres,
And seven million Whys!

The Elephant’s Child 

More Great Questions for Vistage Groups

Great Questions for Teaching & the Learning Process

When was the Last Time You Changed Your Opinion?

“Progress is impossible without change. Those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything” 

George Bernhard Shaw

If you can’t change your mind, then you’re not using it.

Adaptability is important.

If you don’t change and update your world view based on new information and new perspectives, you are dangerous.

If you tend to fight to be “right”, you are dangerous… mostly to yourself and your future.

How to open up to change?  Ask great questions: Read How to ask great questions? and 15 Great questions to ask your kids

The Complete Guide to Personal Habits: 158 Positive Reflections in 7 Categories to Be The Best Version of Yourself

It is 43 years since I was born, 25 since I finished school and 12 since I graduated with my MBA as seen in this picture below.  I have written some notes on life every day since I was 14 years old.  This long post is a summary of ideas that came from a review of all those journals.

At my MBA graduation with two of my favourite Professors: Brian Leggett and Manel Baucells

158 Reflections to become The Best Version of Yourself

This is a collection of phrases that keep me focussed on what is important.  I wrote this list out one Sunday afternoon 5 years ago sat at my home dining table.

There are seven categories:

  1. Dealing with People
  2. Take Disciplined Action
  3. Accept Reality as it is
  4. Make Progress towards Results
  5. Stay Healthy
  6. Living with Purpose and
  7. Personal Growth.


I make no claim to originality and I leave you a list of thinkers who have inspired me and are far more responsible for any wisdom here than myself.

Dealing with People

  1. You will not change them. Let it go.
  2. Who will cry at your funeral?
  3. Never miss a moment to encourage someone.
  4. You will become who you spend most time with.
  5. Communication is measured by what is understood, not how well it is articulated.
  6. It takes two to fight.
  7. Confrontation may be necessary.
  8. Other people can handle more than you think. Be careful with white lies.
  9. Real listening is hard. It requires 100% attention.
  10. There is no such thing as a “self-made man”. Be grateful.
  11. Ask more questions.
  12. The one asking the questions is in control. Are you asking the questions?
  13. Remain curious. The 4th “why?” often gets the real reason.
  14. Learn to attract and use mentors and advisors.
  15. Build networks before you need them.
  16. Get really, really good at concisely presenting your ideas.
  17. Learn to sell.
  18. Aggression begets aggression.
  19. Surround yourself with people strong enough to change your mind.
  20. If you don’t “do politics” others will “do you”.
  21. Learn to differentiate sceptics (good for you) from cynics (bad for you).
  22. In the end people won’t remember what you said or did, they will remember how you made them feel.
  23. Build lifelong friendships.
  24. Be kind to your mum.
  25. Hire well, manage little.
  26. Spend time with people who want you to succeed. Some “friends” don’t want you to grow or change.
  27. Nobody will ever tell you that you made them laugh too much.
  28. What is your label?

 

Take Disciplined Action

  1. Change is painful. Growth requires change. No pain, no gain.
  2. Everyday changes less. Change that.
  3. Incremental change always wins.
  4. Perfect is the enemy of good. Good is the enemy of great.
  5. The best indicator of mastery of big things is mastery of small things. Master the small things.
  6. Do not wish it were easier. Wish you were better.
  7. Get a coach.
  8. Learn to ask for advice and help.
  9. In the Olympics, nobody wins both marathon and 100m sprints. Focus.
  10. Routine sets you free.
  11. Get good at motivating yourself.
  12. Knowing what to do and not doing it is the same as not knowing what to do.
  13. The most dangerous place is in your safety zone.
  14. “I will try” is never enough. Remove “try”.
  15. If you want to be a writer: write; A singer: sing; A teacher: teach.
  16. Kindness and hard work will take you further than intelligence.
  17. If you never act, you will never know for sure.
  18. Delayed gratification is necessary.
  19. We must all suffer from one of two pains: the pain of discipline or the pain of regret

 

Accept Reality as it is

  1. If a problem has no solution, it is not a problem. It is a fact.
  2. Bad things do sometimes happen to good people.
  3. Perfectionism messes you up.
  4. Make allowances for incompetence.
  5. Pain is guaranteed. Suffering is optional.
  6. Very, very little is truly under your control.
  7. The past is gone except in your head. Learn to forget.
  8. Ignore the little things.
  9. No one cares about it as you do.
  10. Stop any negative comments about people not in the room. You are not helping them and are likely positioning yourself in the victim role.
  11. If we all threw our problems in a pile and saw everyone else’s, we’d grab ours back.
  12. If it rains, it rains. There is nothing you can do except put up an umbrella.

 

Making Progress towards Results

  1. There is no “they”.
  2. Love is discipline. Love is work.
  3. Laziness is the life killer. Laziness is the original sin.
  4. When in doubt, just take the next small step.
  5. Commitment before success. Always.
  6. Stop justifying. Break the “yes, but…” habit.
  7. The most reliable predictor of what you will be doing 5 minutes from now is what you are doing now.
  8. Break inertia. Every hour ask “Is this giving me long term benefit or short term happiness?” If No, No then Stop.
  9. If you desire a specific effect in your life you must put in motion the cause of that effect.
  10. Success is a process, not a product. Work on your process and the product will come.
  11. Every time you blame someone, you give away your power to change things.
  12. Leadership doesn’t happen when things are easy. It is the final 1% that makes you world class.
  13. Don’t see the wall.
  14. A problem is only a problem if you choose to view it as a problem. It is an opportunity.
  15. A dream will remain a dream until it is converted into disciplined, daily action.
  16. If you see yourself as a victim, you will always be one.
  17. Stop being a victim. (Stop enjoying other’s pity).
  18. The circle of pity: The more you feel sorry for yourself, the worse your life will get.
  19. Excuses are a way of not facing up to reality, for pulling out when things get a bit difficult.
  20. One small step completed is a million times better than one big plan thought about.
  21. Act instead of talking about it.
  22. Next time you are about to complain, stop; explain what you are going to do about it.
  23. The world does not owe you a living.
  24. You have to pass the thorns to get to the roses.
  25. The grass is not greener on the other side.
  26. Refuse to use your past as an excuse.
  27. Stop saying “yes, but…”
  28. You don’t need permission. (For what it’s worth, you have mine.)
  29. The problem contains the solution.
  30. It takes 10 years to become an overnight success.
  31. If you don’t ask, you don’t get.
  32. Justification is much, much easier than the hard reality of accepting responsibility.
  33. Do it now.
  34. If you rest too long, the weeds take the garden. Activity finishes the miracle.

 

Stay Healthy

  1. You can’t be great if you don’t feel great.
  2. Keep fit.
  3. Eat well.
  4. Brush your teeth.
  5. Dream. Play like a Child.
  6. Don’t smoke.
  7. Daily exercise is an insurance policy against future illness. Best leaders are fittest leaders.

 

Living with Purpose

  1. Life is a gift.
  2. Does today’s schedule reflect your deepest values?
  3. Good students deliver what the teacher wants. Great students deliver what they know to be right.
  4. The best is yet to come.
  5. Imagination is the supreme uniqueness of humans. Use it.
  6. Do not ask: “why me?”; Ask: “What can I learn? What can I do? Who can I help?”
  7. Carpe diem. Memento mori. (Seize the day. Remember you shall die).
  8. Integrity is much more than intention to be honest. It is having a system in place to deliver on your promises.
  9. Say “No” more.
  10. Chains of gold are no less chains than chains of iron.
  11. Reason is the rudder. Passion is the sails. You need both.
  12. You are not your little voice.
  13. Success always starts with ambitious goals. Life gives what you ask of it.
  14. We are educated for busy-ness, not for listening to our own minds at work.
  15. Poverty is about much more than money.
  16. Being everything to everyone is really being nobody to no one.
  17. Success can only be measured from within.
  18. Smell the roses.
  19. Have fun. Every day.
  20. Fun makes life worth living.
  21. Everybody dies. Not everybody truly lives.
  22. The world is not out to get you.
  23. Life is not easy. Life is not fair. This is how it is.
  24. There are always good reasons to be angry, disappointed, let down. Ignore them.
  25. Listen to your angst. It is telling you something important. Don’t turn on the TV to avoid it. It will only get worse.
  26. It is a marathon, not a sprint. It doesn’t matter if you are ahead at the mid-point, it matters that you reach the finish.
  27. The opposite of play is not work, it is depression.
  28. The opposite of love is not hate, it is apathy. It is believing that merely existing is actually living.
  29. Remember where you are climbing to and don’t just stick to the ladder.
  30. The unexamined life is not worth living, but the over-examined life isn’t worth living either.
  31. Don’t compare your life to others; you have no idea what their journey is all about.
  32. No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
  33. The reward for conformity is that everybody likes you except yourself.
  34. Your children get only one childhood. Make it memorable.
  35. Be true to yourself. Lying feels good. Until you are found out.
  36. Take a walk with a turtle. Pause and see the journey.
  37. Know the difference between price and value. A cynic knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.

 

Personal Growth

  1. The strongest steel is forged in the hottest furnaces.
  2. Some answers can only come from inside.
  3. Courage is not the absence of fear. It is acting in the presence of fear.
  4. Your unconscious is wise. Its messages are often difficult. You need to listen carefully.
  5. We are blind. Only other people can help us see clearly.
  6. Make your emotions work for you, not you for them.
  7. When you fall, focus on where you slipped, not where you fell.
  8. We are most blind when we know the most. Assumptions so deep we cannot see them anymore.
  9. Ask: “what did we learn today?” everyday.
  10. Work harder on yourself than you do on your job.
  11. Best way to learn to do it right is to first do it wrong.
  12. The more you go to your limits, the more your limits will expand.
  13. Mastering a few things is much better than mediocrity in many; and it is the route to mastery of big things.
  14. Read daily.
  15. Excellence in one area is the beginning of excellence in every area.
  16. Incremental improvement always wins.
  17. Outlearn your competition.
  18. Every single person in the world could be a genius at something, if they practiced it daily for at least 10 years or 10,000 hours.
  19. The only source of good knowledge is bad experience.
  20. Make the best of the worst. It is easy to make the best of the easy times. It is hard to make the best of the hard times.
  21. Life is a contact sport.

I Invite you to Share this List…

Gratitude: The 18 Influencers of this Work

There are many people whose works have added flavour to this list.  This material has been compiled from a Sunday review of 15 years of daily journals.  Some of the phrases are my own, but many are direct and even exact copies of words that I have read in books, heard in speeches or seen in blog posts.  These are the top 13 people who have influenced the ideas expressed in this post.

  1. Tom Peters
  2. Seth Godin
  3. Jim Rohn
  4. Tony Robbins
  5. Marshall Goldsmith
  6. M. Scott Peck
  7. Aristotle
  8. Socrates
  9. Seneca
  10. Blair Singer
  11. Shimon Peres
  12. Kahlil Gibrain
  13. Malcolm Gladwell
  14. Bill Treasurer
  15. Verne Harnish
  16. Rita Mae Brown
  17. Mathieu Ricard
  18. John Bird

6 Questions to Ask Yourself Every Day to be a Leader

I came across a TEDx talk today by Drew Dudley about Leadership. It is called “Creating cultures of leadership”.

He explains his first ever class on leadership. After the class, a participant came up and said “I thought I understood leadership, but now I don’t. Could you explain exactly what you mean by leadership?”

He could not explain it simply. It was too complex. (He used the old teacher trick… he asked her “well, what do you think leadership is?”)

After years of thinking, he can now explain leadership simply. For him, it is answering these 6 questions every day.

If he answers these 6 questions every day, at the end of a year there will be 2,190 moments that he deliberately makes people better.

The 6 Questions to Ask Yourself Every Day to be a Leader

  1. Impact – What have I recognised in someone else’s leadership today?
  2. Continuous Improvement – What have I done to make it more likely I will learn something?
  3. Mentorship – What have I done to make it more likely someone else will learn something?
  4. Empowerment – What positive thing have I said about someone to their face today?
  5. Recognition – What positive thing have I said about someone who isn’t in the room?
  6. Self-respect – How have I been good to myself today?

Drew Dudley’s TEDx Talk

You can watch Drew’s talk on the blog post here:

 

15 Questions To Ask Your Kids To Help Them Have Good Mindsets

David William wrote this post at Lifehack, but I find that I have gone back a couple of times now to find these questions.  I was on a bike ride along Tibidabo mountain last night with my daughter (8) and I asked her a couple of these questions.  I get some profound answers.

Jim Collins says that we should be constantly increasing our Questions to Answers ratio.  A question means I am open and curious and learning.  An answer is saying what I already know.

Here are the 15 questions that David shared:

15 Questions that Create Profound Discussions with my Daughter

  1. What five words do you think best describe you?
  2. What do you love doing that makes you feel happiest?
  3. What do you know how to do that you can teach others?
  4. What is the most wonderful/worst thing that ever happened to you?
  5. What did you learn from the best/worst thing that’s happened to you?
  6. Of all the things you are learning, what do you think will be the most useful when you are an adult?
  7. If you could travel back in time three years and visit your younger self, what advice would you give yourself?
  8. What are you most grateful for?
  9. What do you think that person feels?
  10. What do you think your life will be like in the future?
  11. Which of your friends do you think I’d like the most? Why?
  12. If you could grow up to be famous, what would you want to be famous for?
  13. How would you change the world if you could?
  14. How can you help someone today?
  15. If you could make one rule that everyone in the world had to follow, what rule would you make? Why?

More on The Art of Good Questions

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